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Wednesday, April 6, 2022

छत का वास्तु भी बिगाड़ सकता है आपकी किस्मत , जाने कैसे ? Ghar Ka vastu Sh...

छत का वास्तु भी बिगाड़ सकता है आपकी किस्मत, जानें कैसे ?

वास्तुशास्त्र में दिशाओं का महत्व

आमतौर पर देखा जाता है कि लोग घर के अंदर की साफ-सफाई या घर के अंदर के वास्तु पर तो ध्यान देते हैं, लेकिन उनका ध्यान घर की छत पर से हट जाता है। कई लोग तो छत को कबाड़ रखने के लिए काम लाते हैं या इसकी सफाई पर ध्यान नहीं देते। ऐसा करना आपके घर में गंभीर वास्तु दोष उत्पन्न कर सकता है जिसके कारण आपको मानसिक,आर्थिक या शारीरिक समस्याओं का सामना करना पड़ सकता है।

छत कहां से हो खुली-

यदि आपका एक मंजिल मकान है और आप छत पर भी कुछ निर्माण करवा रहे है तो ध्यान रहे निर्माण दक्षिण या दक्षिण-पश्चिम में करवाना लाभदायक सिद्ध होगा। छत के लिए खुली जगह हमेशा उत्तर-पूर्व, उत्तर या पूर्व की ओर छोड़नी चाहिए। छत दक्षिण और पश्चिम में नहीं होनी चाहिए।

पानी की टंकी लगाने की दिशा-

वास्तु विज्ञान के अनुसार दक्षिण पश्चिम यानी नैऋत्य कोण अन्य दिशा से ऊंचा और भारी होना शुभ फलदायी होता है। छत पर पानी का टैंक इस दिशा में लगाने से अन्य भागों की अपेक्षा यह भाग ऊंचा और भारी हो जाता है। घर की समृद्धि के लिए दक्षिण-पश्चिम दिशा में पानी का टैंक लगाना चाहिए। इस दिशा में टंकी रखते समय यह भी ध्यान रखें कि इस दिशा की दीवार टैंक से कुछ ऊंची अवश्य हो इससे आमदनी बढ़ती है एवं परिवार में आपसी संबंध मजबूत होते हैं। अगर इस दिशा में टंकी लगाना संभव नहीं हो तो दक्षिण या पश्चिम दिशा में विकल्प के तौर पर पानी की टंकी रखी जा सकती है।

छत की साफ-सफाई

छत की साफ-सफाई है जरूरी

छत की सफाई को लेकर लोग इसलिए लापरवाह हो जाते हैं कि कौन देखता है पर ऐसा करना वास्तुदोष को उत्पन्न करता है। घर की छत पर किसी भी प्रकार की गंदगी न रखें। यहां किसी भी प्रकार के बांस या लोहे का जंग लगा हुआ सामान या टूटी कुर्सियां इत्यादि फालतू सामान कभी न रखें। जिन लोगों के घरों की छत पर अनुपयोगी सामान रखा होता है, वहां नकारात्मक शक्तियां अधिक सक्रिय रहती हैं, उस घर में रहने वाले लोगों के विचार नकारात्मक होते हैं एवं परिवार में भी मनमुटाव की स्थितियां बन सकती हैं।

किस तरफ हो पानी का ढलान-

अधिकतर जगहों पर सपाट छतों वाले मकान होते हैं, छत पर पानी के लिए ढलान वास्तु अनुसार रखना चाहिए। हमेशा पानी का ढलान दक्षिण-पश्चिम से उत्तर-पूर्व की तरफ होना चाहिए, इसके विपरीत होने से उत्पन्न वास्तु दोष से परेशानियां पैदा हो सकती हैं।

घर की टाइल्स को कैसे सिलेक्ट करें | best tiles for house | tiles selecti...

Construction

veer buildhouse 1:44 AM 0

TILES SIZE

Large Floor Tiles 600x1200 mm 2x4 sq. feet

Regular Floor Tiles 600x600 mm 2x2 sq. feet

300x600 mm 300x600 mm sq. feet

300x300 mm 1x1 sq. feet

1. Before you start

Think about the style of your home. Have a look through magazines and online for images of tiles you like. Try and not go against the style of your home – instead, work with it.

2. Tile size

Small-sized tiles are usually suited to small residential areas such as kitchens, bathrooms and toilets.

Kitchen window

3. Room size

Large tiles make a room feel larger and airier. Using floor tiles on the walls will make the space seem more cohesive, but you can’t use wall tiles on the floor. A floor tile will have a harder glaze and will be made of harder materials to withstand traffic. In a small room, light - coloure tiles will make the space feel bigger. If you have a large room you have more options; you can chose from light to dark tiles.

Gisborne home kitchen

4. Color

Consider the general feel you want to achieve in the room you are tiling – serene and relaxing or moody and atmospheric? Unless you have a feature area such as a splash back, tiles aren’t normally the focus of a room, but they can complement other design features of a room. In a bathroom you might want a restful relaxing setting, so go for color that blend well together. In a kitchen you might want a more vibrant option, so choose color that contrast.

5. Grout

Don’t forget the importance of choosing the right grout color. A contrasting grout will emphasize lines and the design, while a grout in a complementary color as the tile will give a subtle effect. Ensure your grouted areas are sealed to prevent staining.

Kitchen inspiration

6. Texture and pattern

Whether you choose matt or a polished finished is a personal choice. A glazed tile is easy to clean, where as a natural terracotta tile has no glaze and would need a seal to stop staining occurring.

7. Natural light

A gloss tile will suit a dark space as it reflects more light, as does a lighter color.

Kitchen

8. In the end

Ensure that whatever you choose in one room flows with the rest of your home’s style.

Tiles are one of the most important construction materials, essential for enhancing the aesthetic appeal of a project. The top tile brands allow for complete personalization of space, while being durable, smooth, long-lasting, and perfectly built for Indian requirements. Buyers can opt for the following tile brands in India, offering easy to maintain and aesthetically superior tiling products.

1-Orient Bell

Orient Bell is one of the top tile brands in India, offering several tiles in different shapes and forms. From 3D tiles to anti-skid tiles, Orient Bell leverages the best of technology to bring customers advanced 2021 tile options. Buyers can procure Orient Bell tiles at a starting price of INR 36/sq. ft., and benefit from its unique features and designs.

Orient Bell offers over 500 designs, from rustic wooden to marble, for a broader portfolio of products.

Tiles are available in full-body vitrified, glazed floor tiles, double-charged, and other popular tile types.

Orient Bell tiles are highly versatile and can be installed in any area for any project.

The portfolio of quality tiles is highly resistant to stains and scratching, providing a luxurious tile finish.

The tiles are available in glossy, non-glossy, rustic, matte, and other popular formats, and are one of the best low-maintenance tiles in the market.

2-Kajaria

Kajaria is the 8th largest tile manufacturer in the world and is one of the best tile brands in India. Buyers can seamlessly opt for a Kajaria tile and be assured of high-quality, superior performance, and enhanced finish. Kajaria, one of the top tiles brand in India, can be procured at a starting rate of INR 38/sq. ft.

Kajaria has an annual production capacity of 73 mn. sq. meters and manufacturers quality tiles across eight dedicated plants.

It offers more than 2800 different designs and styles of tiles for buyers to choose from.

Kajaria produces unique metallic kitchen tiles for modern homes to reflect contemporary aesthetics seamlessly.

It offers an extensive range of commercial tiles, designed to appeal to office spaces, malls, and other zones.

Its award-winning tiles provide a unique luxurious finish to any space, and are available across 40×80 cm, 30×60 cm, and 30×45 cm dimensions.

3-Somany

Somany is one of the leading tile brands in India, providing several unique and internationally inspired designs for Indian buyers. With close to 50 years of experience in the domain, it offers germ-free and stain-proof tiles for all applications. Somany tiles can be sourced from a starting price of INR 33/sq. ft. for all types of construction projects.

Somany total production capacity of 60 million square meters annually and offers fresh collections every year.

It offers highly unique ranges of tiles, such as Vistoso, Glosstra, and Duragress, taking advantage of the different materials available in tiles.

It leverages a sophisticated hard coat technology that protects it from scratching and staining in high footfall regions.

Its luxury collection, Precious, is available in attractive full polished and matt finishes.

It has superior functional characteristics, offering better resistance to acids/alkalis, abrasion, and other common factors.

4-Nitco

Nitco offers premium tiles in the market and is widely considered as one of the top 5 tiles brands in India. It provides a wide range of ceramic, vitrified, and glazed tiles, and has innovating in the industry for 64 years. Nitco tiles are available at a starting market rate of INR 40/sq. ft., for buyers that want to work with one of the best tiles brand in India.

Nitco has a wide dealer network of 2500+ direct dealers, while providing an extensive range of tile products.

It offers a unique premium range of Italian tiles, available in a wide range of sizes, for luxury fittings.

Nitco’s key collections, such as Eclectic, Vitrified Elevation, Estoile, and Ceramix Digital are highly unique in the marketplace.

It offers superior resistance to staining, abrasion, and scratching, making Nitco an ideal tiling solution for all requirements.

5-HR Johnson

HR Johnson offers end-to-end lifestyle solutions, providing one of the widest ranges of tiles in the market. It is a highly renowned tiles brand name, being in the industry for more than 60 years. The brand designs both consumer-oriented and industrial tiles, ensuring high-functionality and durability across their portfolio. HR Johnson tiles can be acquired at a starting rate of INR 38/sq. ft.

It is one of the top branded tiles company in India, offering a wide range of flooring options, such as Italian, Marble, Granite, Slate, Carpet, Terrazzo, etc.

Tiles are engineered to be germ-free, requiring minimal maintenance by occupants.

Collections are also designed to be stain-free, which preserves the aesthetic look long-term.

They offer a quality range of tactile tiles, for spaces that are designed to be visually impaired friendly.

They offer anti-static tiles that are ideal for spaces that are sensitive to static electricity generation.

6-Cera

Cera tiles are heavily inspired by nature, offering a unique set of options that are highly desirable in 2021. Its vitrified, glazed vitrified, nano technology, and HD digital ceramic floor tiles, are considered some of the best tiles in the marketplace. Buyers can opt for Cera tiles, one of the best tile brands in India, at a starting rate of INR 35/sq. ft.

Cera offers unique patterns and styles in commercial, residential, and industrial tiles.

It produces aesthetically pleasing tiles in a variety of formats, including vitrified, ceramic, glazed, etc.

Its unique portfolio blends the best of international design and the core requirements of Indian markets, such as durability, built, longevity, etc.

Cera tiles come with unique finishes that are highly appealing in 2021, such as glossy, matt sugar, satin, TR coating, etc.

Thank you

Basic Rules in Column Design | Civil Engineering

Structure

veer buildhouse 7:14 PM 0

Basic Rules in Column Design | Minimum Column Size | Concrete Cover | Spacing of Lateral Ties | Civil Engineering

The column design is one of the important aspect in building design for construction of any safe structures. While designing the column section we have to follow the basic rules as per the standards which is provided by the code provisions.

These basic rules will helps to create better and safe structure under the consideration of building specifications. The following are the basic rules to be considered before designing of column.

Minimum Column size
Minimum Diameter of the bars
Minimum Grade of the concrete
Concrete cover
Use square columns
Spacing of lateral ties
Minimum number of bars
Top and bottom area of column
Center to center distance

1. Minimum column size

The minimum column size as per code provision is taken as 9”X9” for building structure, depending upon the loading condition and building specification the column size may varies. If the loading on the structure is higher than we have give suitable dimensions of column which is greater than minimum sizes (9”X9”).

2. Minimum Diameter meter of the bars

The minimum diameter is the second basic rule to be considered in building design, as per the code provisions the minimum diameter of bar is taken as12mm. And the maximum diameter is depending upon the design considerations.

3. Minimum Grade of the concrete

Grade of the concrete is nothing but the proportions of ingredients used to make concrete mixture. Basically concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, aggregates, water and admixture if required, the strength of concrete is depends upon the mix proportion of ingredients. As per standard the minimum grade of concrete should be M20 with mix proportion of 1:1.5:3 for building design.

4. Concrete cover

The concrete cover is the third factor to be considered in building design as per the standards the cover is the 10% the higher dimensions of beam or column. Let us consider an example column which is having 230mmX350mm dimensions the higher dimension of this column is 350mm and 10% of 350 which is 35mm. So the cover of column section is taken as 35mm.

5. Use square columns

The geometry of column is also important aspect in building design for buildings basically we use square, rectangular, circular or polygon sections. But as per the code provisions only use square column section is preferable than other geometry because the loading distribution is even in square column section than other geometry.

6. Spacing of lateral ties

The spacing of the lateral ties is 100mm to 200mm for safe structure design. If we increase the spacing beyond 200mm the column section buckling effect will occur.

7. Minimum number of bars

The number of the bars is seventh factor taken in basic rules in column design. For basic building the 4 number of bars is sufficient as per code provisions.

8. Top and bottom area of column

The cross section of column is taken as same throughout the building structure from bottom to top. For example if we want to build G+5 building model 18”X18” to be taken as the dimensions of the column the same dimension to be provided from base to sixth floor for the building.

9. Center to center distance

The center to center distance between the columns is also important aspect in column design. The minimum center to center distance is 3m and the maximum center to center distance is 5m to be taken as per the standards which is provided by the code.

Thank You

civil engineer building contractor kaise bane | how to become a building...

B.E/ B.Tech Final Project

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घर बनाने का सही क्रम ? ghar ka kam kaise kare | House Construction Step ...

B.E/ B.Tech Final Project

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Construction Project Manager Responsibilities

B.E/ B.Tech Final Project

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Construction Project Manager Responsibilities

Construction managers, also known as construction project managers, oversee and allocate resources for various construction projects. A great construction project manager is skilled in both the technical skills required for the job and in leading and directing their team. Construction project manager responsibilities are what guide a project to success. Projects can vary from residential, commercial, and industrial buildings to bridges and skyscrapers.

Construction project managers oversee all aspects of the building process, working closely with engineers and architects to develop plans, establish timetables, and determine labor and material costs. They are responsible for ensuring the project is completed on budget and within scope. They also hire and manage subcontractors and employees, gather permits, and ensure all aspects of the project are up to code. The main construction project manager responsibilities are overall project planning, distributing resources, time management, risk management, creating benchmarks, managing the budget, managing staff, and managing relationships with key stakeholders.

construction project manager responsibilities-

Planning-

The construction manager needs to ensure that all of the work is done on time and within the projected budget. They also need to ensure that the construction project is compliant with current building codes as well as any other legal or regulatory requirements. A construction project manager must carefully plan out each stage of the project in order to ensure successful completion. They develop detailed project plans and are able to use these as a benchmark to track overall progress.

Planning a construction project is one of the main duties of construction project managers. They must develop a comprehensive project plan, track the progress of this plan, and effectively communicate the plan with employees and clients. Without a detailed plan of action, the project will not be completed efficiently and therefore could be subject to delays and budgetary issues.

In any job, creating and following a plan makes completing the project easier and reduces the amount of time wasted. The better a construction manager is at planning a project, the smoother the delivery of a construction project will go.

Creating Benchmarks-

Creating benchmarks is an essential part of construction project manager duties and is very similar to planning a construction project. Benchmarks are checkpoints during the construction project used to evaluate and determine project health. Benchmarking is crucial for a construction project manager to be aware of the status and progress of the project at all times.

Benchmarks are useful to measure project performance throughout the life of the project. They are used to estimate a project’s timeline, budget, and the efficiency of its progress. Without benchmarks, a construction project manager may find it difficult to accurately understand where exactly in its timeline the project currently is and how the budget allocation is progressing.

Time Management-

A successful construction project manager is also skilled at time management. In order for a project to be delivered on time, the project manager must be able to set a realistic timeline and consistently meet the benchmarks within it.

A project manager must be able to estimate the duration of each step of the project in order to prevent delays due to human error. They must develop, maintain, evaluate, and readjust a schedule as necessary to ensure timely delivery of the final project. Using a time app can make time management easier for construction project managers.

Risk Management-

Another main role of construction project managers is to perform risk management. Risk management includes identifying and responding to potential issues throughout the life of the project to minimize potential negative impacts and help ensure the safety of the workers. Internal risk management can include issues such as unrealistic scheduling commitments and poor planning design, while external risk management often deals with unforeseen regulatory requirements and natural disasters such as storms or earthquakes.

Many construction project managers create a contingency plan to have a proactive approach to risk management rather than a reactive one. They also supervise their workers and providing assistance when necessary, and are responsible for ensuring that the project is adhering to health and safety standards and must report issues when they occur. A project manager who incorporates risk management in their overall plan is often more effective and is able to deliver the final project within its set specifications.

Distributing Resources-

Every construction project requires the skill to effectively procure and allocate resources. One of the construction project manager duties is to allocate these resources and ensure that there are no shortages. A construction project manager must understand what materials are needed and make sure that there are enough to finish the job.

Project managers must be able to manage any alterations made to the project scope and adjust the overall plan to accommodate for these changes. These alterations often stem from unforeseen circumstances and require the project manager to effectively redistribute the project resources.

A construction project manager who does not correctly ensure resource availability and allocation can cause an overall delay of the project. While delays are sometimes unavoidable, a delay due to a construction project managers poor decision making can hurt the budget and waste company resources. Being able to effectively distribute resources helps construction project managers avoid such problems and helps ensure the successful development of the project.

Managing the Budget-

A construction project cannot begin without a proper budget. Another major construction project manager duty is to manage the financial plan and consistently evaluate the project budget. To avoid going over a project’s budget, a project manager must continuously keep track of spending and forecast changes to the budget. They must inform their team about forecasts, keep tabs on the budget, and be prepared for unplanned costs. The more prepared a construction project manager is, the fewer problems they will have to worry about.

Managing and Communicating with Staff-

Hiring and managing staff is a crucial part of construction project manager responsibilities. They cannot expect their workers to know what to do without clear and concise communication. A successful construction project manager is able to delegate project tasks to employees based on their individual skill sets and overall project goals.

A project manager needs to consistently inform staff of project details and evaluate the effectiveness of a project plan with employees. In order for a project to be completed on time and within scope, there needs to be effective communication between the workers and the project manager.

If a project manager is not able to effectively communicate with staff, the project may have unclear objectives, inefficient allocation of resources, and a poor quality of deliverables. A good project manager is able to motivate and direct their team to ensure the delivery of a successful project.

Managing Relationships with Key Stakeholders-

While internal communication between workers and the project manager is necessary, external communication to key stakeholders is crucial as well. Construction project manager responsibilities also involve communicating the progress and health of the project with key stakeholders and clients.

By coordinating internal resources with outside vendors, a project manager can help execute a project more efficiently. They must also maintain relationships with third-party sources, such as subcontractors, to ensure that they have the resources available to complete a project.

Conclusion-

While construction project managers may fill several different roles within each specific project, their responsibilities are key to success in a construction project. A construction project manager helps employees effectively work together to create a great final product. The manager is the leader of the project, but by no means is it a job that can be done alone. Through proper teamwork, communication, budget management, resource management, and planning, a project can turn out more than successful. It takes a great team mentality in the construction business to make something great, but it also takes a great manager to direct everyone towards a successful project.

Posted in Construction Project Manager, Education.

Difference between Bitumen and Tar

B.E/ B.Tech Final Project

veer buildhouse 1:38 AM 0

Difference Between Bitumen And Tar

Bitumen -

. It is obtained by fractional distillation of Crude Petroleum (in the presence of air) and it is the last stage end product (which is having maximum waste characteristic in this processing) as LPG-Gasoline-Petrol-Kerosene-Diesel-Lubricant Oil-Wax-Bitumen.

1- It is widely used in Road construction and also used for Priming.

2- It have less affinity to water. Also it is have less temperature susceptibility.

3- It have less free carbon content and it have more workability.

Coal Tar -

1- It is obtained by destructive distillation of Coal and Wood (in the absence of air).

2- Earlier is was used as a Seal-Cot over pavements i.e. in Road Construction but because of several Research Papers it is found that it is harmful for using as a Road Construction material (it has Human Carcinogenic PAH’s) but however it is used in few States of Central and Southern America, in spite of being banned in other states.

So it is widely used in medicinal applications and Steel Manufacturing, which shows it’s great importance.

3- It have more affinity to water. It has more temperature susceptibility.

4-It have more free carbon content and less workablity due to high viscosity

how to become a contractor in india | ठेकेदार कैसे बने | How do I get civil contractor licence?

B.E/ B.Tech Final Project

veer buildhouse 1:50 AM 0

CONTRACTOR ठेकेदार कैसे बने

जो व्यक्ति Building का Contract लेकर उसे पूरी तरह से बनवाने या Renovation करवाने का काम करता है उसे ठेकेदार कहा जाता है | किसी भी व्यक्ति को कहीं का भी Contract देने से पहले उसके बारे में अच्छे Inspection की जाती है और उसके कई जरूरी Documents भी लगाए जाते है, और Security के तौर पर कुछ पैसे भी जमा करवाए जाते है | इन प्रक्रियाओं के पूरी हो जाने के बाद ही किसी व्यक्ति को ठेकेदार बनाया जाता है | इसके बाद जिस व्यक्ति को ठेकेदार की जिम्मेदारी सौंपी जाती हैं उस व्यक्ति को कॉन्ट्रैक्ट सम्बन्धी सभी जिम्मेदारियां बखूबी निभानी होती है | यदि वह अपनी जिम्मेदारियों पर खरा नहीं उतर पा रहा है तो उसे इस पद से निरस्त भी किया जा सकता है | यदि आप भी ठेकेदार बनना चाहते है, तो यहाँ पर आपको ठेकेदार (Contractor) कैसे बने, योग्यता, आवश्यक गुण, लाइसेंस और कमाई की पूरी जानकारी दी जा रही है |

(CONTRACTOR) ठेकेदार कैसे बने

CONTRACTOR का लाइसेंस कैसे बनता है

एक ठेकेदार बनने के लिए आपको शिक्षित होना आवश्यक होता है क्योंकि, इसमें बहुत सारी ऐसी जिम्मेदारियां सौंपी जाती है, जो एक शिक्षित व्यक्ति ही कर पाता है | इसके अलावा ठेकेदार बनने वाले व्यक्ति के खिलाफ किसी भी तरह की कानूनी कार्यवाही न की गई हो | ठेकेदार बनने वाले व्यक्ति को ठेकेदारी सम्बंधित सभी जानकारी होनी चाहिए कि वह ठेकेदार बनकर कैसे किसी क्षेत्र में काम करा सकता है, कैसे उसके लिए सही फैसले ले सकता है | जिस व्यक्ति को इस प्रकार की सारी जानकारियां प्राप्त होती है, वह व्यक्ति एक ठेकेदार बन सकता है और ठेकेदार के सारे कार्य अच्छे से करा सकता है क्योंकि, ठेकेदार द्वारा कराये गए कामो को इंजीनियर या किसी अधिकारी चेक करने के लिए आता रहता है | इसलिए एक ठेकेदार को अपने काम को दिए हुए समय के भीतर पूरी जिम्मेदारी के साथ करना होता है |

ठेकेदार की सैलरी

एक ठेकेदार की प्रारंभिक सैलरी कम से कम 20,000 से लेकर 25,000 तक दी जाती है | इसके बाद जैसे- जैसे ठेकेदार का अनुभव काम के प्रति बढ़ता जाता है वैसे ही उसकी सैलरी भी बढ़ती जाती है | इसके आधार पर एक ठेकेदार प्रतिमाह 30,000 रूपये की कमाई कर लेता है | और लगाये जाने वाले खर्च में कुछ पैसे बचाए जा सकते है |

ठेकेदार बनने के लिए आवश्यक गुण

ठेकेदार बनने वाले व्यक्ति के अंदर तकनीकी क्षमता होनी चाहिए |

ठेकेदार के अंदर सम्बंधित काम को करने की क्षमता होनी चाहिए |

दूसरों की पहचान करनी आनी चाहिए |

एक ठेकेदार के अंदर बजट और समय सीमा के मुताबिक़, काम करने का गुण होना चाहिए

निर्माण और स्वास्थ्य तथा सुरक्षा कानून की पूरी जानकारी होनी चाहिए |

किसी भी समस्या को सरलता पूर्वक हल करने के लिए एक रचनात्मक नजरिया होना चाहिए|

हर काम को पूरी जिम्मेदारी के साथ निभाने की लगन होनी चाहिए |

ठेकेदार के प्रकार

ठेकेदार मुख्य रूप से चार प्रकार होते हैं जो इस प्रकार से है-

A ग्रेड ठेकेदार

B ग्रेड ठेकेदार

C ग्रेड ठेकेदार

D ग्रेड ठेकेदार

A ग्रेड ठेकेदार का पद सबसे सबसे ऊंचा पद माना जाता है | इसके बाद B,C और D लो लेवल के ठेकेदार आते है | जो व्यक्ति इस फील्ड में अपने करियर की शुरुआत करते है तो उन्हें सबसे पहले D ग्रेड लाइसेंस दिया जाता है फिर C, B, और फिरA ग्रेड के लिए लाइसेंस प्राप्त होता है |

ठेकेदार का लाइसेंस कैसे बनता है

ठेकेदार का लाइसेंस बनाने के लिए सभी संस्थानों का अपना अलग-अलग नियम होता है | वहीं D ग्रेड कांट्रेक्टर के लिए फॉर्म के साथ निम्न डॉक्यूमेंट की आवश्यकता होती है | जैसे- पैन / टैन नंबर अभिप्रमाणित(PAN/TEN number attested)

टिन नंबर अभिप्रमाणित (Attested tin number)

कम से कम 5 शपथ पत्र

पंजीकरण शुल्क 5000 रूपये

ये सारे डाक्यूमेंट्स देने के बाद ठेकेदार का लाइसेंस बनकर तैयार हो जाता है, जिसके बाद वह व्यक्ति ठेकेदार के तौर पर कार्य करने लगता है |

हमने आपको ठेकेदार बनने के विषय में सम्पूर्ण जानकारी उपलब्ध कराई है | यदि आपको इससे सम्बंधित अन्य जानकारी प्राप्त करनी है तो आप अपने विचार या सुझाव कमेंट बॉक्स के माध्यम से पूंछ सकते है | इसके साथ ही आप अन्य जानकारी प्राप्त करना चाहते है तो Contact Form पर विजिट करे |

B.E / B.Tech Civil Final year Project

B.E/ B.Tech Final Project

veer buildhouse 10:43 PM 0

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY

3. SURVEY OF SITE FOR PROPOSED BUILDING

4. BUILDING BYE LAWS AND REGULATIONS

5. ORIENTATION

6. DETAILS OF COLUMN

7. DETAILS OF BEAM

8. DETAILS OF FOOTING

9. DETAILS OF FOUNDATION

10. DETAILS OF SLAB

11. DETAILS OF STAIRCASE

12. DESING CRITERIA FOR SLAB & BEAM

13. CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

I performed most of the same duties which a civil engineers performs as a civil engineer, only under supervision of a licensed, registered, experienced civil engineer. The purpose of a civil engineer trainee position is to train a newly graduated and licensed engineer how to correctly perform all job duties while in a safe environment that allows for guidance and learning.

I learned how to analyze any situation and take correct decisions, take field tests, to adopt safety measures, and research in order to complete engineering projects that are limited in scope. As experiences grows, so do the complexity of tasks, while supervision diminishes.

SELECTION OF PLOT AND STUDY

Selection of plot is very important for buildings a house. Site should be in good place where there community but service is convenient but not so closed that becomes a source of inconvenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is important not only because of present need but for retention of property value in future closely related to are transportation, shopping, facilities also necessary. One should observe the road condition whether there is indication of future development or not in case of un developed area.

The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows:-

• Access to park &playground.

• Agriculture polytonality of the land.

• Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity & sewage disposal.

• Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land .

• Distance from places of work.

• Ease of drainage.

• Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.

• Nature of use of adjacent area.

• Transport facilities.

• Wind velocity and direction.

SURVEY OF THE SITE FOR PROPOSED BUILDING

Reconnaissance survey :- The following has been observed during reconnaissance survey of the site.

• Site is located nearly.

• The site is very clear planned without ably dry grass and other throne plats over the entire area.

• No leveling is require since the land is must uniformly level.

• The ground is soft.

• Labour available near by the site.

• Houses are located near by the site.

Detailed survey :- The detailed survey has been done to determine the boundaries of the required areas of the site with the help of theodolite and compass.

BUILDING BYE LAWS & REGULATIONS

• Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.

• Open spaces around hospital building.

• Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.

• Provisions for lighting and ventilation.

• Provisions for safety from explosion.

• Provisions for drainage and sanitation.

• Provisions for safety of works against hazards.

• Requirements for off-street parking spaces.

• Requirements for landscaping.

• Size of structural elements.

ORIENTATION

After having selected the site, the next step is proper orientation of building. Orientation means proper placement of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain, topography and outlook and at the same time providing a convenient access both to the street and back yard.

The factors that affect orientation most are as follows.

• Solar heat

• Wind direction

• Humidity

• Rain fall

• Intensity of wind site condition

• Lightings and ventilation

SOLAR HEAT :- Solar heat means sun’s heat, the building should receive maximum solar radiation in winter and minimum in summer. For evaluation of solar radiation, it is essential to know the duration of sunshine and hourly solar intensity on exposed surfaces.

WIND DIRECTION :- The winds in winter are avoided and are in summer, they are accepted in the house to the maximum extent.

HUMIDITY :- High humidity which is common phenomenon is in coastal areas, causes perspiration, which is very uncomfortable condition from the human body and causes more discomfort.

RAIN FALL :- Direction and intensity of rainfall effects the drainage of the site and building and hence, it is very important from orientation point of view.

INTENSITY OF WIND :- Intensity of wind in hilly regions is high and as such window openings of comparatively small size are recommended in such regions.

SITE CONDITIONS :- Location of site in rural areas, suburban areas or urban areas also effects orientation, sometimes to achieve maximum benefits, the building has to be oriented in a particular direction.

LIGHTING :- Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and three primary aims. The first is to promote the work or other activities carried on within the building. The second is to promote the safety of people using the buildings. The third is to create, in conjunction to interest and of well beings.

VENTILATION :- Ventilation may be defined as the system of supplying or removing air by natural or mechanical mean or from any enclosed space to create and maintain comfortable conditions. Operation of building and location to windows helps in providing proper ventilation. A sensation of comfort, reduction in humidity, removal of heat, supply of oxygen is the basic requirements in ventilation apart from reduction.

PLAN

GENERAL SPECIFICATION

GROUND AREA :- 1516.38Sq.M.

FIRST FLOOR AREA :- 1345.62Sq.M.

SECOND FLOOR AREA :- 1345.62Sq.M.

TOTAL BUILT UP.AREA :- 6898.86Sq.M.

FOOTING :- R.C.C. FOOTING & FOUNDATION.

STRUCTURE :- R.C.C. FRAMED STRUCTURE.

WALL :- CHIMNEY BURNT BRICKS/C.R . MASONARY.

ROOF :- R.C.C. FLAT & SLOPING ROOF WITH WATER- PROOF TREATMENT.

FLOORING :- FLOORING/LOCAL SAND STONE.

DOOR PANEL :- 35 MM THICK FLUSH DOOR.

DORMITORY DOORS :- 35 MM TH. FLY –INESH SHUTTER.

FITTINGS :- M S FITTINGS ON DOORS/WINDOWS .

WINDOW PANELS :- 4 MM THICKNESS CLEAR GLASS PANEL OUTSIDE WITH Z-SECTIONS.

FRAME :- FLY-PROOF SHUTTER INSIDE FITTED IN 20 MM THICKNESS JUNGLE WOOD BATTEN/M.S. FLATS.

VENTILATORS :- HONEY –COMB MASONARY VENTILLATORS.

RAILING :- M.S RAILLING APPROVED.

PAINTS :- ENAMEL PAINT ON FRAME OF DOOR/WINDOW/GRILL ETC OF APPROVED COLOUR.

WARDROBES :- 20-25 MM THICKNESS STONE SHELVES,SHUTTER SOLID CORE WITH ALUMINIUM FITTINGS.

ANTI –TERMITE TREATMENT :- IN WHOLE BUILDING

SANITARY-WARE :- C.P. FITTINGS, CI/SW PIPES FOR SANITARY

WATER –SUPPLY TANK :- G.I. PIPE FOR WATER SUPPLY HDFF (SINTEX) WATER TANK.

VIEW OF WORKING BUILDING

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R.C.C. RECTANGULAR COLUMN

FORMWORK (AS PER I.S. 456:2000)

NECESSITY OF FORMWORK :-

THE FORMWORK SHALL BE DESIGNED AND CONSTRUCTED SO AS TO REMAIN SUFFICIENTLY RIGID DURING PLACING AND COMPACTION OF CONCRETE AND SHALL BE SUCH AS TO PREVENT LOSS OF SLURRY FROM THE CONCRETE.

CLEANING AND TREATMENT OF FORMWORK :-

THE FACE OF FORM WORK IN CONTACT WITH THE CONCRETE SHALL BE CLEANED AND TREATED WITH FORM RELEASE AGENT. RELEASE AGENTS SHOULD BE APPLIED SO AS TO PROVIDE A THIN UNIFORM COATING TO THE FORM WITHOUT COATING THE REINFORCEMENT.

STRIPPING TIME:-

FORM SHALL NOT BE RELEASED UNTILL THE CONCRETE HAS ACHIVED A STRENGTH OF ATLEAST TWICE THE STRESS TO WHICH THE CONCRETE MAY BE SUBJECTED AT THE TIME OF REMOVAL OF FORMWORK.

STRIPPING TIME

S.NO	TYPE OF FORMWORK	MINIMUM PERIOD BEFORE STRIKING FORMWORK
(1)	VERTICAL FORMWORK TO COLUMNS	16-24 hr
(2)	SOFFIT FORMWORK TO SLAB	3 DAYS
(3)	SOFFIT FORMWORK TO BEAM	7 DAYS
(4)	PROPS TO SLAB SPANNING UPTO 4.5 M SPANNING ABOVE 4.5 M	7 DAYS 14 DAYS
(5)	PROPS TO SLAB SPANNING UPTO 6 M SPANNING ABOVE 6 M	14 DAYS 21 DAYS

CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONING MIX PROPORTION:-

(AS PER I.S. 456:2000)

THE MIX PROPORTIONS SHALL BE SELECTED TO ENSURE THE WORKABILITY OF FRESH CONCRETE AND WHEN CONCRETE IS HARDENED, IT SHALL HAVE THE REQUIRED STRENGTH, DURABILITY AND SURFACE FINISH.

THE DETERMINATION OF CEMCENT, SAND, AGREEGATE & WATER TO ATTAIN THE REQUIRED STRENGTHS SHALL BE MADE AS FOLLOW-

(A) BY DESIGNING THE CONCRETE MIX; SUCH CONCRETE SHALL BE CALLED ‘DESIGN MIX CONCRETE’.

(B) BY ADOPTING NOMINAL CONCRETE MIX; SUCH CONCRETE SHALL BE CALLED ‘NOMINAL MIX CONCRETE’.

STANDARD VALUES OF DIFFERENT ITEMS OF CONCRETE

(AS PER IS 456 : 2000)

GRADE OF CONCRETE	PROPORTION	TOTAL QUANTITY OF DRY AGREEGATES BY MASS PER 50 kg OF CEMENT	PROPORTION OF FINE AGG TO COARSE AGGREGATE	QUANTITY OF WATER PER 50 kg OF CEMENT (lit)
M5	1:5:10	800	GENERALLY 1:2 BUT SUBJECT TO AN UPPER LIMIT OF 1:1½ AND A LOWER LIMIT OF 1:2½	60
M7.5	1:4:8	625		45
M10	1:3:6	480		34
M15	1:2:4	330		32
M20	1:1 ½:3	250		30

NOTE :- ( IN ABOVE TABLE “M” SHOWS MIX DESIGN & 5,10,15,20,25 SHOWS THEIR CHARACTERISTIC COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRTE IN 28 DAYS)

IMPOSED FLOOR LOADS FOR DIFFERENT OCCUPANCIES

(AS PER IS 456:2000)

S.NO	OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION	UDL (KN/m2)	CONCENTRATED LAOD (KN)
1.	RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (I) DWELLING HOUSES (ii) HOTELS, HOSTELS, BOARDING HOUSES, RESIDENTIAL CLUBS. (III) STORE ROOMS (IV) GARRAGES (V) BALCONIES	2.0-3.0 2.0-4.0 5.0 2.5-5 3	1.8-4.5 1.8-4.5 6.7 9.0 1.5
2.	EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS (I) CLASS ROOMS, RESTAURENTS, OFFICES, STAFF ROOMS, KITCHENS, TOILETS. (II) STORE ROOMS. (III) READING ROOMS. (IV) CORRIDORS, LOBBIES.	2.0-3.0 5 3.0-4.0 4.0	2.7 4.5 4.5 4.5
3.	BUISNESS & OFFICE BUILDINGS (I) BANKING HALLS (II) RECORD ROOMS/ STORE ROOMS	3.0 5.0	2.7 4.5
4.	MERCANTILE BUILDINGS (I) RETAIL SHOPS (II) WHOLESALE SHOPS	4.0 6.0 (MIN)	3.6 4.5 (MIN)
5.	INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS (I) WORK AREAS WITHOUT MACHINERY / EQUIPMENT. (II) CORRIDORS, PASSAGES, STAIRCASE.	2.5 4.0	4.5 4.5
6.	STORAGE BUILDINGS (I) STORAGE ROOMS (II) BOILER ROOMS & PLANT ROOMS	2.4 KN/M2 PER EACH METRE OF STORAGE HEIGHT WITH A MIN OF 7.5 KN/M2 7.5	7.0 4.5

FRONT ELEVATION


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FLY ASH BRICK WALL CONSTRUCTION

CASTING OF COLUMN

LAYING OF REINFORCEMENT FOR STAIR LANDING

SHUTTERING WORK FOR SLAB

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GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR GROUND FLOOR

(TOTAL AREA = 1516.38 Sq.M)

FLOORING :- KOTA STONE, CERAMIC GLAZED, PAVER BLOCK, CHEQUERRED PRECAST CEMENT CONCRETE TILES, CEMENT BASED WATER PROOFING.

SKIRTING :- KOTA STONE.

WALLS :- PLASTIC EMULSION PAINT, CEREMIC GLAZED.

CEILING :- DIS-TEMPERING WITH OIL BOND.

DOOR :- FLUSH DOOR WITH STEEL FRAME, P.V.C. DOOR SHUTTER WITH STEEL FRAME.

WINDOW :- ALUMINIUM SLIDING GLAZING WITH FRONT M.S. GRILL

GENERAL SPECIFICATION FOR FIRST FLOOR

(TOTAL AREA = 1345.62 SQM)θΦǿ

S.NO	BEAM)	BEAM B X D (MM)	REINFORCEMENT CONTINUOUS BARS		REINFORCEMENT EXTRA BARS		STIRRUPS ALL TWO LEGGED
S.NO	BEAM)	BEAM B X D (MM)	TOP BOTTOM		TOP BOTTOM		L/4 OF SPAN BALANCE OF SPAN
1	PB1	200x300	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	-	-	8MM@150 c/c	8MM@200 c/c
2	PB2	200x300	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	1-12 ǿ	1-12 ǿ	8MM@150 c/c	8MM@200 c/c
3	PB3	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	-	-	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c
4	PB4	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	1-12 ǿ	1-12 ǿ	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c
5	PB5	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c
6	PB6	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	3-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c
7	PB7	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	-	-	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c
8	PB8	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	1-12 ǿ	1-12 ǿ	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c
9	PB9	200x400	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	2-12 ǿ	8MM@120 c/c	8MM@170 c/c

FOOTING SCHEDULE

S.NO.	DESIGNATION	SIZE OF THE FOOTING (MM)	DEPTH OF THE FOOTING (MM)	REINFORECEMENT	CONCRETE GRADE
1	F1	2400X2200	550	12 DIA @ 150MM C/C	M-20
2	F2	2100X2000	450	12 DIA @ 175MM C/C	M-20
3	F3	1900X1700	400	12 DIA @ 200MM C/C	M-20
4	F4	1700X1500	400	10 DIA @ 150MM C/C	M-20
5	F5	1000X1000	300	10 DIA @ 200MM C/C	M-20
6	F6	600X600	200	10 DIA @ 200MM C/C	M-20

COLUMN SCHEDULE

S.NO	COLUMN NO.	COLUMN SIZE	MAIN REINFORECEMENT	SPACING
1	C1	300X500	14-20 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
2	C2	300X500	12-20 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
3	C3	300X500	10-20 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
4	C4	300X400	12-16 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
5	C5	300X400	10-16 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
6	C6	300X400	8-16 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
7	C7	300X300	4-20 ǿ & 4-16 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
8	C8	200X400	4-16 ǿ & 4-12 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
9	C9	200X400	8-12 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C
10	C10	200X200	4-12 ǿ	8MM@200MM C/C

NOTE-

1. COVER TO REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE AS :-

COLUMN - 40 MM

FOOTING - 50MM

SLAB - 20MM

BEAM - 30MM

2. LAP LENGTH IN REINFORCEMENT BAR SHALL BE CLAUSE 25.2.5.1OF IS 456:2000

3. SOILBEARING CAPACITY HAS BE WRITTEN AS 15 TON AT A DEPTH OF 1.65 M AS PER INFORMATION PROVIDED.

4. BUILDING HAS BE DESIGNED FOR SESMIC ZONE AS PER IS 1983 PART II-2002

5. DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

MIX IN TENSION IN COMPRESSION

M-20 30 MM ǿ 24MM ǿ

MESH FOR COLUMNS

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GENERAL SPECIFICATION

1. COVER TO REINFORCEMENT SHALL BE AS :-

COLUMN - 40 MM

FOOTING - 50MM

SLAB - 20MM

BEAM - 30MM

2. ANCHORAGE LENGTH IN REINFORCEMENT BAR SHALL BE CLAUSE 25.2.5.1 OF IS 456:2000

3. SOILBEARING CAPACITY HAS BE WRITTEN AS 15 TON AT A DEPTH OF 1.65 M AS PER DESIGNED FOR SESMIC ZONE AS PER IS 1983 PART II-2002 AND WIND CODE 1997.

IN THIS SITE WE FOUND TYPES OF SOIL SOTHAT WE COULD FOUND SBC OF THIS SOIL. WE OBSERVED THAT HERE TWO TYPES OF FOOTINGS ARE USED -

1. COMBINED FOOTING

2. SPREAD FOOTING.

(1) COMBINED FOOTING :- A SPREAD FOOTING WHICH SUPPRTS TWO OR MORE COLUMNS IS TERMED AS A COMBINED FOOTING. SUCH A FOOTING IS PROVIDED WHEN THE INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS ARE EITHER VERY NEAR TO EACH OTHER OR OVERLAP. COMBINED FOOTING MAY EITHER BE RECTANGULAR OR TRAPEZOIDAL.

(2) SPREAD FOOTING :- A SPREAD FOOTING OR SIMPLY FOOTING IS A TYPE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION USED TO TRANSMIT THE LOAD OF AN ISOLATED COLUMN OR THAT OF A WALL, ON THE SUBSOIL.

SQUARE COLUMN FOOTING

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COLUMN (AS PER IS 456:2000)

INTRODUCTION :- A COLUMN OR STRUT IS A COMPRESSION MEMBER. WHEN A MEMBER CARRYING MAINLY AXIAL LOAD IS VERTICAL, IT IS A TERMED AS ‘COLUMN’ WHILE IF IT IS A INCLINED COLUMN, IT IS TERMED AS A ‘STRUT’.

SLENDERNESS RATIO :- IT IS A THE RATIO OF EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF THE COLUMN TO LEAST LATERAL DIMENSION.

S.R. = Lef/ b

TYPES OF COLUMNS :-

Lef/ b < 12

(a) SHORT COLUMN :- THE COLUMN IS CONSIDERED AS SHORT WHEN THE SLENDERNESS RATIO OF COLUMN IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 12.

(b) LONG COLUMN :- THE COLUMN IS CONSIDERED AS SHORT WHEN THE SLENDERNESS RATIO OF COLUMN IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 12.

Lef/ b > 12

EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF THE COLUMN

(AS PER IS 456:2000)

INTRODUCTION :- THE EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF A COLUMN IS DEFINED AS THE COLUMN WHICH TAKES PART IN BUCKLIN UNDER THE ACTION OF THE LOADS. THIS IS ALSO DEFINED AS THE LENGTH BETWEEN THE POINT OF CONTRAFLEXURE OF THE BUCKLED COLUMN.

THE UNSUPPORTED LENGTH OF THE COLUMN IS THE CLEAR LENGTH OR HEIGHT BETWEEN THE FLOOR AND THE LOWER LEVEL OF THE CEILING .

S.NO	DIFFERENT END CONDITIONS OF THE COLUMN	THEORETICAL VALUE OF EFFECTIVE LENGTH	RECOMMENDED VALUE OF EFFECTIVE LENGTH
1.	BOTH ENDS ARE FIXED	0.5L	0.65L
2.	BOTH ENDS ARE HINGED	1.0L	1.0L
3.	FIXED AT ONE END & HINGED AT OTHER END	0.7L	0.8L
4.	FIXED AT ONE END & FREE AT OTHER END	2.0L	2.0L

BEAM (AS PER IS 456:2000)

INTRODUCTION :- THOUGH PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE HAS HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH , IT’S TENSILE STRENGTH IS RELATIVELY LOW, THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE IS ABOUT 10% TO 15% OF IT’S COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH.

HENCE, IF A BEAM IS MADE OF PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE, IT HAS A VERY LOW LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY SINCE IT’S LOW TENSILE STRENGTH LIMITS ITS OVEERALL STRENGTH. IT IS THEREFORE REINFORCED BY PLACING STEEL BARS IN THE TENSILE ZONE OF THE CONCRETE BEAM SOTHAT THE COMPRESSIVE BENDING STRESS IS CARRIED BY CONCRETE AND TENSILE BENDING STRESS IS CARRIED ENTIRELY BY STEEL REINFORCING BARS.

THE JOINT ACTION OF STEEL AND CONCRETE IN A REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTION IS DEPENDENT OF THE FOLLOWING FACTORS-

(I) BOND BETWEEN CONCRETE AND STEEL BARS.

(2) ABSENCE OF CORROSION OF STEEL BARS EMBEDDED IN THE CONCRETE.

(3) THERMAL EXPANSION OF BOTH CONCRETE AND STEEL.

TYPES OF BEAMS (AS PER IS 456:2000)

(1) SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM :- SINGLY REINFORCED SECTION THE REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED TO CARE TENSION IN THE BOTTOM OF THE BEAM. IT IS CLASSIFIED INTO THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES-

(a) BALANCED SECTION :- WHEN THE MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF THE SECTION IS EQUAL TO THE THE BENDING MOMENT THAN IT IS A BALANCED SECTION.

(b) UNDER REINFORCED SECTION :- WHEN THE MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF THE SECTION IS LESS THEN THE BENDING MOMENT THAN IT IS A UNDER REINFORCED SECTION.

(C) OVER REINFORCED SECTION :- WHEN THE MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF THE SECTION IS MORE THEN THE BENDING MOMENT THAN IT IS A UNDER REINFORCED SECTION.

(2) DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM :- DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION IS TO BE DESIGNED TO RESTRICT THE DEPTH OF BEAM IN CASE OF HEAD ROOM CONDITION OR IF THE BENDING MOMENT IS MORE THAN 25% OF MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF THE SECTION THAN DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION IS TO BE DESIGNED. IN DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM REINFORCEMENT IS TO BE PROVIDED BOTH IN COMPRESSION AND TENSION ZONES.

(a) CANTILEVER BEAM

(b) CONTINUOUS BEAM

COMBINED FOOTING

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FOOTING

INTRODUCTION :- FOOTING IS THAT PORTION OF THE FOUNDATION WHICH ULTIMETELY DELIVERS THE LOAD OF THE SOIL AND IS THUS IN CONTACT WITH IT.

TYPES OF FOOTINGS :-

(1) SPREAD FOOTING :- A SPREAD FOOTING OR SIMPLY FOOTING IS A TYPE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION USED TO TRANSMIT THE LOAD OF AN ISOLATED COLUMN OR THAT OF A WALL, ON THE SUBSOIL.

(2) COMBINED FOOTING :- A SPREAD FOOTING WHICH SUPPRTS TWO OR MORE COLUMNS IS TERMED AS A COMBINED FOOTING. SUCH A FOOTING IS PROVIDED WHEN THE INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS ARE EITHER VERY NEAR TO EACH OTHER OR OVERLAP. COMBINED FOOTING MAY EITHER BE RECTANGULAR OR TRAPEZOIDAL.

(3) STRAP OR CANTILEVER FOOTING :- A STRAP FOOTING CONSIST OF SPREAD FOOTING OF TWO COLUMNS CONNECTED BY A STRAP BEAM. THE STRAP BEAM DOES NOT REMAIN IN CONTACT WITH SOIL AND THUS DOES NOT TRANSFER ANY PRESSURE TO THE SOIL.

FOUNDATION

INTRODUCTION :- FOUNDATION IS THE STRUCTURE BELOW PLINTH LEVEL OR BETWEEN SUB-SOIL & PLINTH LEVEL. THE FOUNDATION IS TO DISTRIBUTE LOADS COMINGS OVER IT TO THE SUB-SOIL.IT SHOULD ON A STABLE GROUND. IT DISTRIBUTE LOADS AT A SUFFICIENT AREA AND AVOIDS THE UNEQUAL SETTLEMENT OF THE FOUNDATION.

TYPES OF FOUNDATION

(1) SPREAD FOOTING FOUNDATION :- THIS TYPE OF FOUNDATION IS THE SIMPLEST AND COMMONLY USED IN ORDINARY TYPE OF BUILDINGS, THE BASE AREA OF THE FOUNDATION IS WIDENED.

(2) GRILLAGEFOUNDATION :- THIS TYPE OF FOUNDATION CONSIST OF STEEL OR WOODEN JOIST ARRANGED IN STEPPED MANNER. A TRENCH 90 CM TO 150 CM DEE, IS EXCAVATED AND LEVELLED. THEN A LAYER OF 23 CM TO 30 CM OF C.C., 1:2:4 IS SPREAD AND COMPACTED. OVER THIS CONCRETE STEEL I-BEAMS ARE LAID AND ARE PLACED AT SUITABLE INTERVAL OF 45CM TO 90 CM. THE LENGTH OF I-BEAMS EQUAL TO THE WIDTH OF THE FOUNDATION.

(3) PILE FOUNDATION :- PILE IS AN ELEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION PLACED IN THE GROUND EITHER VERTICALLY OR SLIGHTLY INCLINED TO INCREASE THE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL.IT IS USED WHEN SOIL IS VERY SOFT OR GRILLAGE FOUNDATION IS EXPENSIVE OR BUILDING IS VERY HEAVY OR THE BUILDING IS TO BE CONSTRUCTED AT A SEA-SHORE OR RIVER BED.

(4) RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATION :- IT IS THE CONTINUOUS SLAB COVERING THE WHOLE AREA LIKE A MAT OR RAFT. IT IS USED IN DAMP SOIL HAVING LOW BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL. IT PREVENT THE BUILDING FROM UNEQUAL SETTLEMENT OR SINKING.

(5) WELL FOUNDATION :- THIS TYPE OF FOUNDATION IS USUALLY ADOPTED IN THE CONATRUCTION OF BRIDGES AND LONG SPAN CULVERTS OR IN SANDY SOIL IN WATER.

(6) STEPPED OR BENCHED FOUNDATION :- IN THIS METHOD THE FOUNDATION IS PROVIDED IN FORM OF STEP OF CONCRETE. THE HEIGHT OF EACH STEP IS KEPT UNIFORM.

SLAB CASTING

SLAB (AS PER IS 456:2000)

INTRODUCION :- IN REINFORCED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION, THE SLAB IS USED STRUCTURAL ELEMENT FORMING FLOORS AND ROOMS OF THE BUILDING.

A CONCRETE IS THE PLAIN ELEMENT HAVIMG THE DEPTH D MUCH SMALLER THAN IT’S SPAN AND WIDTH. IT MAY BE SUPPORTED BY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS, BY MASONARY WALLS OR COLUMNS. IT CARRIES UDL AND TRANSFER IT TO THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT.

TYPES OF SLAB :-

Ly / Lx > 2

(I) ONE-WAY SLAB

Ly / Lx < 2

(II) TWO-WAY SLAB

NOTE:- (Ly = LONGER SPAN)

(Lx = SHORTER SPAN)

(III) FLAT SLAB

(IV) CIRCULAR AND NON-RECTANGULAR SLAB

(V) GRID OR WAFFLE SLAB

STAIRCASE

INTRODUCTION:- A STAIRCASE CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF STEPS ARRANGED IN A SERIES, WITH LANDING AT APPROPRIATE LOCATION FOR THE PURPOSE OF GIVING ACCESS TO DIFFERENT FLOORS OF A BUILDING. THE WIDTH OF A STAIRCASE GENERALLY KEPT 1M FOR RESIDENTIAL & 2M FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS.

TYPES OF STAIRS :-

(1) STRAIGHT STAIR :- A STRAIGHT FLIGHT IS ONE IN WHICH ALL STEPS ARE PARALLEL TO ONE AND ANOTHER AND RISES IN THE SAME DIRECTION.

(2) DOG-LEGGED STAIR :- A DOG LEGGED SAIR IS CALLED FROM ITS BEING BENT OR CROOKED SUDDENLY ROUND IN FANCIED RESEMBLANCE TO DOG’S LEG.

(3) OPEN WELL STAIR :- AN OPEN WELL STAIR GIVES SATISFACTORY RESULTS AND HENCE IT SHOULD BE TRIED TO PROVIDE AN OPEN WELL STAIR IT REQUIRES A LITTLE MORE SPACE THEN A DOG LEGGED STAIR.

(4) GEOMETRICAL STAIRS :- SUCH A STAIR REQUIRES LITTLE MORE WIDTH, BUT ONLY ABOUT THE SAME LENGTH OF A SPACE AS A DOG LEGGED STAIR.

(5) CIRCULAR STAIRS :- CIRCULAR STAIRS ARE GENERALLY PROVIDED AT THE BACK SIDE OF THE BUILDING FOR RENDERING ACCESS TO IT’S VARIOUS FLOORS FOR SERVICE PURPOSE. THIS TYPE OF STAIR MOSTLY CONSTRUCTED IN R.C.C. AND IRON.

(6) BIFURCATED STAIR :- THIS TYPE OF STAIR IS VERY COMMON IN PUBLIC BUILDING IN IT THE BOTTOM WIDE FLIGHT IS DIVIDED AT A LANDING INTO TWO NARROWER FLIGHTS WHICH BRANCH OFF TO THE RIGHT AND LEFT.

NOTE :- (THE MAX NO. OF STEPS IN ONE FLIGHT SHOULD NOT BE MORE THAN 12)

TERMS USED IN STAIR CASE

(1) TREAD :- IT IS THE HORIZONTAL MEMBER WHICH FORMS THE UPPER SURFACE OF A STEP.

(2) RISER :- IT IS THE FRONT VERTICAL PORTION OF A STEP TO WHICH THE TREAD IS CONNECTED.

(3) PITCH :- IT IS THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE PITCH LINE AND THE HORIZONTAL.

(4) NOSING :- IT IS THE PROJECTED EDGE OF A TREAD USUALLY MOULDED.

(5) FLIGHT :- A CONTINUOUS SERIES OF STEPS EXTENDING FROM FLOOR TO FLOOR, OR FLOOR TO LANDING, OR LANDING TO LANDING, IS KNOWN AS FLIGHT.

(6) GOING :- GOING OR RUN OF THE STEP IS THE HORIZONTAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THE FACES OF THE CONSECUTIVE RISERS.

(7) BALUSTERS :- THE VERTICAL MEMBER WHICH SUPPORTS THE HANDRAIL AND PROTECT TO OPEN SIDE.

(8) HANDRAIL :- IT IS MOULDED MEMBER RUNNING PARALLEL TO THE NOSING LINE OR LANDNG.

(9) SPRINGER :- IT IS THE INCLINED MEMBER LAID PARALLEL TO THE NOSING LINE OR LANDING.

(10) PITCH LINE :- THE LINE JOINING THE INTERSECTION OF THE FACE OF EACH RISERS AND THE TOP OF EACH TREAD IS CALLED THE PITCH LINE.

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BEAMS & SLABS

(AS PER IS 456 : 2000)

(1) EFFECTIVE SPAN :-

(a) SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM OR SLAB :- THE EFFECTIVE SPAN OF A MEMBER THAT IS NOT BUILT INTEGRALLY WITH IT’S SUPPORTS SHALL BE TAKEN AS CLEAR SPAN PLUS THE EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF BEAM OR SLAB OR CENTRE TO CENTRE OF SUPPORTS, WHICHEVER IS LESS.

(b) CONTINUOUS BEAM OR SLAB :- IN THIA CASE, IF THE WIDTH OF THE SUPORT IS LESS THEN 1/12 OF THE CLEAR SPAN, THE EFFECTIVE SPAN SHALL BE AS IN (a). IF THE SUPPORTS ARE WIDER THEN 1/12 OF THE CLEAR SPAN OR 600 MM WHICHEVER IS LESS.

(C) CANTILEVER :- THE EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF CANTILEVER SHALL BE TAKEN SD IT’S LENGTH TO THE FACE OF THE SUPPORT PLUS HALF THE EFFECTIVE DEPTH.

(2) CONTROL OF DEFLECTION :- BASICVALUES OF SPAN TO DEPTH RATIOS FOR SPAN UPTO 10M

CANTILEVER 7

SIMPLY SUPPORTED 20

CONTINUOUS 26

(3) SLENDERNESS RATIO :- S.R IS TAKEN 60b OR 250b^2/d WHICHEVER IS LESS FOR SIMPLY & CONTINUOUS SLAB. BUT FOR CANTILEVER THE CLEAR DISTANCE FROM THE FREE END OF THE CANTILEVER TO THE LATERAL RESTRAINT SHALL NOT BE EXCEED 25b OR 100b^2/d WHICHEVER IS LESS.

(4) SHEAR REINFORCEMENT :- SHEAR REINFORCEMENT IS PROVIDED IN FOLLOWING OF THE FORM.

(A) VERTICAL STIRRUPS

(B) BENT UP BARS ALONG WITH STIRRUPS

(C)INCLINED STIRRUPS

(5) MAX SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT :- THE MAX. SPACING OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.75d FOR VERTICAL STIRRUPS (WHERE d = EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF THE SECTION)

CONCLUSION

We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done. As the scope of understanding will be much more when practical work is done. As we get more knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing the practical work. Knowing the loads we have designed the slabs depending upon the ratio of longer to shorter span of panel. In this project we have designed slabs as two way slabs depending upon the end condition, corresponding bending moment. The coefficients have been calculated as per I.S. code methods for corresponding lx/ly ratio. The calculations have been done for loads on beams and columns and designed frame analysis by moment distribution method. Here we have a very low bearing capacity, hard soil and isolated footing done.

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Basic Rules in Column Design | Minimum Column Size | Concrete Cover | Spacing of Lateral Ties | Civil Engineering

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